Skip to content

Advertisement

AMB Express

AMB Express Cover Image
Original article
Open Access

Effect of Eudragit S100 nanoparticles and alginate chitosan encapsulation on the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus

  • Fereshteh Ansari1,
  • Hadi Pourjafar2Email author,
  • Vahid Jodat3,
  • Javad Sahebi3 and
  • Amir Ataei3
AMB Express20177:144

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-017-0442-x

©  The Author(s) 2017

Received: 19 April 2017

Accepted: 22 June 2017

Published: 6 July 2017

Abstract

In this study, we examined a novel method of microencapsulation with calcium alginate-chitosan and Eudragit S100 nanoparticles for the improving viability of probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Extrusion technique was carried out in microencapsulation process. The viability of two probiotics in single coated beads (with only chitosan), double coated beads (with chitosan and Eudragit nanoparticles), and as free cells (unencapsulated) were conducted in simulated gastric juice (pH 1.55, without pepsin) followed by incubation in simulated intestinal juice (pH 7.5, with 1% bile salt). In case of single coated beads, presumably, lack of sufficient strength of chitosan under simulated gastric condition was the main reason of 4-log and 5-log reduction of the counts of the L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus respectively. The results showed that with the second coat forming (Eudragit nanoparticles) over the first coat (chitosan), the strength of the beads and then viability rate of the bacteria were increased in comparison with the single coated beads.

Keywords

Encapsulation Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus rhamnosus ViabilityChitosanEudragit S100 nanoparticles

Introduction

The low viability of probiotics in difficult conditions, especially throughout the time of processing to consumption of food products and in the gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, has persuaded the researchers to find methods for improving the criteria. Microencapsulation has a significant effect in this case. Microencapsulation technologies have been extended and applied effectively to protect the probiotic bacteria from damages caused via the exterior milieu in the situations such as processing (high temperature), storage (in the food products on the shelf and in a home like foodstuff matrix), packaging (temperature, oxygen, humidity) and degradation in the GI region (the low pH in the stomach and bile salt in the small intestine) (Anal and Singh 2007; Moroeanu et al. 2015; Zuidam and Nedovic 2010).

One of the most basic materials that is used for probiotic microencapsulation is alginate. The main advantages of this material that make it more preferable over other materials for microencapsulation are its non-toxic to bacteria and body cells as an allowed additive, ease of use and cost-effectiveness. Although, this substance has some disadvantages for encapsulation purpose, such as sensibility, decomposition in acidic condition, decomposition in the presence of monovalent ions due to completion with calcium ions, quick moisture release, and other fluids form alginate. The disadvantages can be removed by creating a resistant coat on alginate or adding other chemicals to it, for example chitosan (Krasaekoopt et al. 2004, 2006; Rodklongtan et al. 2014).

Chitosan is a linear positive-charge (cationic) polysaccharide which is obtained from chitin and is used as a cover to strengthen microcoverage over another negative-charge microcovers. This substance, like alginate, is cost effective and harmless and creates a jell network (Li et al. 2015; Zuidam and Nedovic 2010). However, this material has some disadvantages, especially the lack of suitable strength in the acidic conditions, and therefor this substance detach during gastric passage and release it’s contain in the stomach (Badhana et al. 2013; Boeris et al. 2009; Quan et al. 2008).

Eudragit (Eu) S100 is an anionic copolymer derived from metacrylic acid and methyl metacrylate (1:2). It is non-soluble in acids and water, while it is soluble in a pH 7 solvent or higher alkaline circumstance (Higashi et al. 2015; Sharma et al. 2016). Eu polymers are nontoxic and food-grade polymers (Gibson et al. 2006; José 2006; Thakral et al. 2013). This material can help medicines to protect GI conditions and reach the colon, so it can be used as a secondary coverage for strengthening the microencapsulation as well as assuring targeting the release of probiotics in the colon, which is their major and functional place. Eu coating of chitosan capsules strengthens the beads and prevents the release of bacteria in the stomach. This improvement of bead’s stability may increase the count and viability of bacteria in the beads during GI lumen (Badhana et al. 2013; Boeris et al. 2009; Quan et al. 2008; Yoo et al. 2011). One important benefit of nanoparticles instead of Eu powder is the establishment of a thin nanosize layer around the beads. This very thin layer may improve the resistance of beads without enlarging the size of them (Pandey et al. 2016; Patel et al. 2015; Pourjafar et al. 2016; Yoo et al. 2011).

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of Eudragit S100 nanoparticles on the strengthen of calcium alginate and chitosan microcapsules to improve the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the simulated gastrointestinal conditions.

Materials and methods

Preparation, activation and collection of probiotic bacteria

Probiotic bacteria cultures of L. acidophilus (PTCC 4356) and L. rhamnosus (PTCC 1469) were obtained from Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST) and inoculated in MRS-broth (QUELAB, Canada) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h in aerobic conditions. The probiotic bacteria growth in late-log phase was gathered by means of centrifugation (Eppendorf, Centrifuge 5810 R, Germany) at 3000g for 10 min., and afterward it was washed two times in sterilized distilled water prior to applying to the microencapsulation procedure. In free bacteria samples, after centrifugation, 1 ml distilled water added to the tubes (Ghorbani-Choboghlo et al. 2015; Pourjafar et al. 2016).

Preparation of Eudragit S100 nanoparticles

Eu S100 powder was obtained from Evonik Pharma Polymers (Evonik, D-64275, Darmstadt, Germany). To prepare the Eu S100 nanoparticles, SAS (Supercritical Antisolvent Technique) progression was applied and the option of acetone (Scharlau Chemie S.A, Spain) was provided as a solvent for Eu S100 polymer. 4 mg ml−1 of Eu solution was infused into distilled water small quantity as a supercritical fluid that had been held beneath homogenizing force (Wisetise, DAIHAN Scientific Co., Ltd, Korea) at 9000g and at 35 °C for 10 min. Distilled water included 15 mg l−1 Tween 80 (Merk, Hohenbrunn, Germany) as a surfactant. Note that, the acetone solvent was left out through evaporation and particle size and Polydispersity Index (PDI) of Eu S100 was assessed via Laser Particle Size Analyzer device (Brookhaven Instruments Corporation, USA) (Hu et al. 2012; Yoo et al. 2011).

Preparation of chitosan solution

A 0.4 g low-molecular-weight chitosan (Sigma, USA) was blended with 90 ml distilled water and acidified by means of 0.4 ml of glacial acetic acid (Merk, Darmstadt, Germany). Then, the pH was regulated in 5.6–5.8 by adding 1 mol (M) l−1 NaOH. The resulted solution of chitosan was filtered throughout Whatman #4 paper filter and the volume was adjusted to 100 ml before sterilizing at 121 °C for 15 min. Finally, this solution was refrigerated (5 °C) overnight (Abouhussein et al. 2016; Kanmani et al. 2011; Lee et al. 2004; Rodklongtan et al. 2014).

Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria and, single and double coating of beads

In this research, extrusion technique was carried out in the encapsulation process illustrated formerly via Krasaekoopt et al. (2004) and Pourjafar et al. (2012). A 4% sodium alginate (Sigma, USA) was blended with distilled water and then sterilized at 121 °C for 15 min, and refrigerated overnight. Following day, 10 ml of per bacterial suspension (2 × 1010 colony forming units (CFU/ml) was added in the sodium alginate solution. In the final step, the mixture of the cell suspension and sodium alginate were injected into sterile 0.1 mol l−1 CaCl2 (Merk, Darmstadt, Germany) solution using sterile insulin syringes (0.2 mm) as possible as we could pressure the syringe to force out the solution extremely fast. The droplets turned into gel spheres straight away (the distance between the CaCl2 solution and the needle was 20 cm), and after 60 min, all the beads were gathered and washed through distilled water (Mandal et al. 2006; Mirzaei et al. 2012; Pourjafar et al. 2012).

For the first coating, the beads were submerged in 100 ml of chitosan solution (0.4 g 100 ml−1) with gentle shaking at 1 g for 40 min on a magnetic stirrer (IKA Labortechnik, Model 79219 Staufen, KG, Germany). Following that, the chitosan single coated beads were gathered and washed through distilled water (Kanmani et al. 2011; Krasaekoopt et al. 2004; Liserre et al. 2007).

In the final stage, for the second coating, the beads were immersed in 100 ml Eu S100 nanoparticles solution (4 mg 100 ml−1) and held for 4 h on the shaker (Badhana et al. 2013; Hu et al. 2012; Yoo et al. 2011). The double-coated beads were gathered and washed with distilled water and employed on the same day (see Fig. 1).
Figure 1
Fig. 1

Schematic representation of the encapsulation of probiotic bacteria in calcium alginate chitosan and Eu S100 nanoparticles

Beads characterization

The diameters of 50 haphazardly picked beads (50 uncoated, 50 single coated and 50 double coated beads) were determined by means of an eyepiece micrometer on an optical microscope (Nikon-Model Alphaphot-2 YS2-T. Japan) at a magnification of 10× (magnification factor for each unit of gradient lens was 10.89 at magnification of 10×). The exterior morphology and the interior appearance of beads were examined using optical microscope at the magnifications of 40× and 100×. For examination of interior and exterior appearance, first we produced some beads larger than our normal beads we had produced (at about 1 mm). Then we prepared a cross section of beads by means of a microtome blade (for this purpose, we put beads on a plate and then divided them by microtome blade and by hand, then we applied gram staining on the cut surface) (Ghorbani-Choboghlo et al. 2015; Mirzaei et al. 2011, 2012). Moreover, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) method was used to differentiate between surfaces of the beads with or without a nanoparticles coating.

Enumeration of free and microencapsulated probiotic bacteria

Free bacterial counts were determined by adding 1 ml solution containing bacteria in 9 ml phosphate buffer (0.1 mol l−1, pH 7.0) and 1 ml aliquot dilutions were dispensed onto the plates of the MRS-Salicin-agar (MRS agar; QUELAB, Canada and Salicin; Sigma, USA) for L. acidophilus and MRS-Glucose-vancomycin-agar (MRS agar; QUELAB, Canada, Glucose; Merk, Germany and Vancomycin; Sigma, USA) for L. rhamnosus. In MRS-Salicin-agar, Salicin (10 ml solution at 10% w/v) was added in 90 ml of sterilized MRS agar (Mirzaei et al. 2012; Sultana et al. 2000) and in MRS-Glucose-vancomycin-agar, glucose (10 ml solution at 10% w/v) and vancomycin (50 µg ml−1) were added in 90 ml of sterilized MRS agar (Saxelin et al. 2010).

All enumerated plates of L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h under aerobic condition. The averages were conveyed as colony forming units per ml of the sample (CFU ml−1). To enumerate the encapsulated probiotic bacteria, at first the captured bacteria were released from the beads. For this purpose, 1 g of the double coated beads were suspended in 9 ml of phosphate buffer (0.1 mol l−1, pH 7.0) after shaking for 60 min on a bag mixer (netech–laboratory, Bag Tech®) at room temperature (Pourjafar et al. 2016; Sultana et al. 2000).

Survival of microencapsulated probiotic bacteria following sequential incubation in simulated gastric and intestinal juice (see Fig. 2)

This investigation was anchored in the technique expressed via Sultana et al. (2000), and especially Krasaekoopt et al. (2004) and Mirzaei et al. (2011). Single coated beads (1 g), double coated beads (1 g) and free bacteria suspension (1 ml) were separately placed in a tube including 9 ml of sterilized simulated gastric juice (0.08 mol l−1 HCl, including 0.2 g 100 ml−1 NaCl, pH 1.55) and incubated for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min at 37 °C. Subsequent to incubation, aliquots of 1 g of single coated beads or 1 g of double coated beads or 1 ml of free bacteria suspensions harvested from simulated gastric juice were added to 9 ml of sterilized simulated intestinal juice (0.05 mol l−1 KH2PO4, pH 7.5, with 1 g 100 ml−1 bile salt). Following that, these tubes were incubated for 150 min at 37 °C. After incubation time, beads were dissolved in phosphate buffer solution and cell count was assessed by “pour plate count method”. Also, in free bacteria sample, 1 ml of free bacteria suspension harvested from simulated intestinal juice was used for cell count by “pour plate count method” (see “Enumeration of free and microencapsulated probiotic bacteria”).
Figure 2
Fig. 2

The diagram of the experimental process of survival of microencapsulated probiotic bacteria following sequential incubation in simulated gastric and intestinal juice

Statistical analyses

The entire statistical analyses were carried out by means of SPSS 22 (IBM) software. The conducted tests were duplicate (n = 2). In the enumeration of the bacteria in each replication, plates with the colonies were counted and their internal concentration mean was used to prevent any internal error. Finally, the mean of two replications was calculated to remove external error. The number of the bacteria was reported in terms of the number of the colonies per 1 ml. After confirmation of normality of data by Kolmogrov-Smirnov test further analysis were carried out using Repeated Measures ANOVA test and P < 0.05 regarded to be significant. The graph (Fig. 5) has been constructed using GraphPad Prism version 6 software.

Results

Particle size of Eudragit S100 and morphology of beads

After preparation of the Eu S100 nanoparticles via SAS processing, the particle size and PDI of Eu S100 were achieved by means of Laser Particle Size Analyzer device. According to these analyses, particle size and PDI of Eu S100 particles were 100 nm and 0.410 respectively.

The mean ± standard deviation of diameters of the 50 haphazardly picked beads was 123.66 ± 41.73 µm. The interior appearance of the beads is shown in Fig. 3. The picture of the beads under an optical microscope (at 10× magnification) illustrated that the beads were sphere-shaped and the cross-section and inner appearance of beads (here we produced bigger beads at about 1 mm for showing clear figures) at 40× and 100× magnification illustrated that the bacterial cells were placed randomly in the alginate matrix. SEM was used for differentiating between surfaces of beads (at about 1 mm) with and without Eu nanoparticles coating (Fig. 4).
Figure 3
Fig. 3

Vertical cross-section and internal appearance of bead at ×100 magnification after gram staining [see the positive gram bacteria (rightwards black arrow) are distributed randomly in the alginate matrix (rightwards white arrow)]

Figure 4
Fig. 4

Scanning electron microscope photomicrographs of beads. Beads encapsulated form only with chitosan coating (left) and beads encapsulated form with chitosan and Eu S100 nanoparticles coating (right)

Survival of probiotic bacteria following sequential incubation in simulated gastric and intestinal juice

To find out the effect of the acidic pH of the stomach and the effect of the intestinal juice on the viability rate of the microencapsulated probiotic bacteria, an in vitro schema was employed. For this purpose, the cultures of bacteria were deposited into the simulated gastric juice for 2 h, then into intestinal juice for 2.5 h. The outcomes are given in Table 1 and Fig. 5.
Table 1

Cell survivability (CFU/ml) of three forms of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (free, mono layer and double layer) after treatment in simulated gastric juice during 120 min (with 30 min interval) and then treatment in simulated intestinal juice with bile salt for 150 min (mean of log count ± SD)

Bacteria

Form

0 min

30 min

60 min

90 min

120 min

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Fa

9.78 ± 0.09

7.27 ± 0.01

5.53 ± 0.14

4.56 ± 0.12

3.00 ± 0.57

M1b

9.52 ± 0.00

8.17 ± 0.01

7.543 ± 0.02

6.60 ± 0.00

5.02 ± 0.03

M2b

8.61 ± 0.15

8.28 ± 0.02

7.77 ± 0.29

7.70 ± 0.07

6.02 ± 0.33

Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Fa

9.65 ± 0.31

6.27 ± 0.01

5.45 ± 0.43

3.33 ± 0.14

3.11 ± 0.30

M1b

9.31 ± 0.15

8.48 ± 0.01

6.43 ± 0.00

5.10 ± 0.02

4.82 ± 0.00

M2c

9.93 ± 0.04

9.05 ± 0.49

8.87 ± 0.17

8.23 ± 0.00

7.87 ± 0.26

F free form, M1 encapsulated form only with chitosan coating (single coating), M2 encapsulated form with chitosan and Eudragit nanoparticles coating (double coating)

a, b, c The different lower case letters indicate statistically significant difference between declines in bacterial count between different bacterial form (statistical analysis was performed separately for each bacterial species)

Figure 5
Fig. 5

Cell survivability (log CFU ml−1) of three forms of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (free, mono layer and double layer) after treatment in simulated gastric juice during 120 min (with 30 min interval) and then treatment in simulated intestinal juice with bile salt for 150 min (Circles represent bacterial count in each sample and the line is demonstrating the linear estimation of bacterial count)

The numbers of the free L. acidophilus at the time zero and after 120 min were 6.2 × 109 and 1.5 × 103 respectively. In addition, the number of this bacterium was reduced at about 6.7-log. In case of the free L. rhamnosus, the numbers of this bacterium at the time zero and after 120 min were 5.1 × 109 and <1.0 × 102 respectively. The reduction rate of this free bacterium’s count was 6.5-log (Additional file 1: Table S1).

In case of the single coated beads (coated only with chitosan) in 120 min, the number of the L. acidophilus reduced from 3.3 × 109 to 1.1 × 105 (the reduction rate was 4.5-log) and the number of the L. rhamnosus reduced from 2.1 × 109 to 6.6 × 104 (the reduction rate was 4.5-log) (Additional file 1: Table S1).

In double coated beads (with chitosan and Eu S100 nanoparticles), throughout 120 min period, the number of the L. acidophilus was reduced from 4.2 × 108 to 1.8 × 106 (the reduction rate was 2.6-log) and also, the number of the L. rhamnosus was reduced from 8.7 × 109 to 8.1 × 107 (the reduction rate was 2.1-log) (Additional file 1: Table S1).

Discussion

In morphology of beads, comparable figures of the beads were also shown via Sultana et al. (2000), Krasaekoopt et al. (2004), Pourjafar et al. (2012), and Mirzaei et al. (2012). In our study, by means of modified SAS processing, we only showed the Eu nanoparticles in second coating, forming a smooth layer over the chitosan’s rough coat (see Fig. 4).

Calcium alginate is anionic (i.e., negatively charged) and can attract positive charged chitosan. So the first coating layer of beads will be established by ionic bonds. In the next stage negative charged Eu S100 nanoparticles will attach the chitosan with the same mechanism (ionic bonds) and finally double coated beads are created (Badhana et al. 2013; Boeris et al. 2009; Kouchak et al. 2015). It should be also noted that beads made of calcium alginate (by extrusion method) are porous and the double layer coating with chitosan and Eu S100 nanoparticles can cover the porous beads and increase protection for the probiotic bacteria.

Bacterial counts decreased significantly during the study period (P < 0.001). In the case of L. rhamnosus the rate of this decline was significantly faster in free form in comparison with single (P = 0. 002) and double coated (P < 0.001) form and double coated bacteria were more resistant than single coated form (P = 0. 001). The differences between single and double coated was not statistically significant in L. acidophilus (P = 0.127), but the rate of decline in bacterial count in free form was significantly higher than single coated (P = 0.002) and double coated bacteria (P = 0.001). In conclusion, microencapsulation with alginate-chitosan-Eu S100 nanoparticles is a novel and efficient method for better viability of L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus bacteria. Nevertheless, more studies are required to assess the viability of further probiotic strains as well as examine the guard effect of encapsulation and coating on the probiotic viability in animal and human models.

Abbreviations

GI: 

gastrointestinal

Eu: 

eudragit

IROST: 

Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology

SAS: 

supercritical antisolvent technique

PDI: 

polydispersity index

CFU: 

colony forming units

SEM: 

scanning electron microscope

Declarations

Authors’ contributions

FA and HP conducted the research and wrote the manuscript; VJ, JS and AA contributed in the examinations and data collection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

None.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

The dataset(s) supporting the conclusions of this article is (are) included within the article [and its additional file(s)].

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
(2)
Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
(3)
Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

References

  1. Abouhussein DM, El-bary AA, Shalaby SH, El Nabarawi MA (2016) Chitosan mucoadhesive buccal films: effect of different casting solvents on their physicochemical properties. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 8:206–213View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  2. Anal AK, Singh H (2007) Recent advances in microencapsulation of probiotics for industrial applications and targeted delivery. Trends Food Sci Technol 18:240–251View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  3. Badhana S, Garud N, Garud A (2013) Colon specific drug delivery of mesalamine using Eudragit S100-coated chitosan microspheres for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Int Curr pharm J 2:42–48View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  4. Boeris V, Romanini D, Farruggia B, Picó G (2009) Interaction and complex formation between catalase and cationic polyelectrolytes: chitosan and Eudragit E100. Int J Biol Macromoles 45:103–108View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  5. Ghorbani-Choboghlo H, Zahraei-Salehi T, Ashrafi-Helan J, Yahyaraeyat R, Pourjafar H, Nikaein D, Balal A, Khosravi A-R (2015) Microencapsulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its evaluation to protect in simulated gastric conditions. Iran J Microbiol 7(6):338–342PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  6. Gibson P, Fixa B, Pekarkova B, Bátovský M, Radford-Smith G, Tibitanzl J, Gabalec L, Florin T, Greinwald R (2006) Comparison of the efficacy and safety of Eudragit-l-coated mesalazine tablets with ethylcellulose-coated mesalazine tablets in patients with mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23:1017–1026View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Higashi K, Hayashi H, Yamamoto K, Moribe K (2015) The effect of drug and EUDRAGIT® S 100 miscibility in solid dispersions on the drug and polymer dissolution rate. Int J Pharm 494:9–16View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Hu D, Liu L, Chen W, Li S, Zhao Y (2012) A novel preparation method for 5-aminosalicylic acid loaded Eudragit S100 nanoparticles. Int J Mol Scie 13:6454–6468View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  9. José MG (2006) Immobilization of enzymes and cells: methods in biotechnology, 2nd edn. Humana Press Inc, TotowaGoogle Scholar
  10. Kanmani P, Kumar RS, Yuvaraj N, Paari K, Pattukumar V, Arul V (2011) Cryopreservation and microencapsulation of a probiotic in alginate-chitosan capsules improves survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 16:1106–1114View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  11. Kouchak M, Handali S, Boroujeni BN (2015) Evaluation of the mechanical properties and drug permeability of chitosan/Eudragit RL composite film. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 6:14–19View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Krasaekoopt W, Bhandari B, Deeth H (2004) The influence of coating materials on some properties of alginate beads and survivability of microencapsulated probiotic bacteria. Int Dairy J 14:737–743View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  13. Krasaekoopt W, Bhandari B, Deeth HC (2006) Survival of probiotics encapsulated in chitosan-coated alginate beads in yoghurt from UHT-and conventionally treated milk during storage. LWT Food Sci Technol 39:177–183View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  14. Lee J, Cha D, Park HJ (2004) Survival of freeze-dried Lactobacillus bulgaricus KFRI 673 in chitosan-coated calcium alginate microparticles. J Agric Food Chem 52:7300–7305View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Li P, Yang Z, Wang Y, Peng Z, Li S, Kong L, Wang Q (2015) Microencapsulation of coupled folate and chitosan nanoparticles for targeted delivery of combination drugs to colon. J Microencapsul 32:40–45View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Liserre AM, Re MI, Franco BD (2007) Microencapsulation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis in modified alginate-chitosan beads and evaluation of survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Food Biotechnol 21:1–16View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  17. Mandal S, Puniya A, Singh K (2006) Effect of alginate concentrations on survival of microencapsulated Lactobacillus casei NCDC-298. Int Dairy J 16:1190–1195View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  18. Mirzaei H, Pourjafar H, Rad AH (2011) The effect of microencapsulation with calcium alginate and resistant starch on the Lactobacillus acidophilus (La5) survival rate in simulated gastrointestinal juice conditions. J Vet Res 66:337–342Google Scholar
  19. Mirzaei H, Pourjafar H, Homayouni A (2012) Effect of calcium alginate and resistant starch microencapsulation on the survival rate of Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and sensory properties in Iranian white brined cheese. Food Chem 132:1966–1970View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  20. Moroeanu VI, Vamanu E, Paun G, Neagu E, Ungureanu OR, Eremia SA, Radu G-L, Ionescu R, Pelinescu DR (2015) Probiotic strains influence on infant microbiota in the in vitro colonic fermentation model GIS1. Indian J Microbiol 55:423–429View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  21. Pandey S, Swamy S, Ulla U, Gupta A, Patel H, Yadav J (2016) Cell Line and augument cellular uptake study of statistically optimized sustained release capecitabine loaded Eudragit S100/PLGA (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)) Nanoparticles for colon targeting. Curr Drug Deliv. (Epub ahead of print) Google Scholar
  22. Patel NV, Sheth NR, Mohddesi B (2015) Formulation and evaluation of genistein—a novel isoflavone loaded Chitosan and Eudragit® nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Mater Today Proc 2(9):4477–4482View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  23. Pourjafar H, Mirzaei H, Ghasemnezhad R, Homayouni rad A (2012) Study of morphological and protective characteristics of beads obtained from microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic as a predominant and natural flora in human gut. Ann Mil Health Sci Res 9:233–240Google Scholar
  24. Pourjafar H, Noori N, Gandomi H, Akhondzadeh Basti A (2016) Study of protective role of double coated beads of calcium alginate–chitosan–Eudragit s100 nanoparticles achieved from microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a predominant flora of human and animals gut. J Vet Res 71:311–320Google Scholar
  25. Quan J-S, Jiang H-L, Kim E-M, Jeong H-J, Choi Y-J, Guo D-D, Yoo M-K, Lee H-G, Cho C-S (2008) pH-sensitive and mucoadhesive thiolated Eudragit-coated chitosan microspheres. Int J Pharm 359(1):205–210View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Rodklongtan A, La-ongkham O, Nitisinprasert S, Chitprasert P (2014) Enhancement of Lactobacillus reuteri KUB-AC5 survival in broiler gastrointestinal tract by microencapsulation with alginate–chitosan semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. J Appl Microbiol 117:227–238View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Saxelin M, Lassig A, Karjalainen H, Tynkkynen S, Surakka A, Vapaatalo H, Järvenpää S, Korpela R, Mutanen M, Hatakka K (2010) Persistence of probiotic strains in the gastrointestinal tract when administered as capsules, yoghurt, or cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 144:293–300View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Sharma S, Jyoti K, Sinha R, Katyal A, Jain UK, Madan J (2016) Protamine coated proliposomes of recombinant human insulin encased in Eudragit S100 coated capsule offered improved peptide delivery and permeation across Caco-2 cells. Mat Sci Eng C-bio 67:378–385View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  29. Sultana K, Godward G, Reynolds N, Arumugaswamy R, Peiris P, Kailasapathy K (2000) Encapsulation of probiotic bacteria with alginate–starch and evaluation of survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in yoghurt. Int J Food Microbiol 62:47–55View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Thakral S, Thakral NK, Majumdar DK (2013) Eudragit®: a technology evaluation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 10(1):131–149View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Yoo J-W, Giri N, Lee CH (2011) pH-sensitive Eudragit nanoparticles for mucosal drug delivery. Int J Pharm 403:262–267View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Zuidam NJ, Nedovic VA (2010) Encapsulation technologies for active food ingredients and food processing. Springer, New YorkView ArticleGoogle Scholar

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2017

Advertisement