Fig. 1

Photographs of the 3rd instar Spodoptera littoralis larvae feeding on castor leaves. A Leaf discs used in antifeedant activity evaluation after treatment. B Control untreated leaf discs with larvae after 48 h. C Treated discs with larvae fed after 24 h. D Treated castor leaves used in larvicidal activity evaluation with larvae fed at 0 h. E, F Dead larvae after fed on treated leaves