Fig. 1

Animal, experimental design, feeding regime, and sample collection of the current study in Murrah buffalo calves supplemented with probiotic product. Calves were fed colostrum up to 3 days after birth. From day 4 to 33 of age, calves were administered with probiotics by tube feeding. Body weight was recorded at day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30 of experimental days. At day 3, 10, 18, and 33 of age, fecal samples were collected and bacterial composition of each calf was measured. From day 4 to 33 of age, fecal scores were recorded daily for each calf