Fig. 6
Multifaced mechanisms of synergistic action. By measuring the fluorescence intensity of a NPN and b DiSC3(5), tavaborole shows no disruption and dissipation to the outer membrane and membrane potential in E. coli ATCC 25,922. c Membrane fluidity was measured using the generalized polarization (GP) index after treatment with a serial concentration of tavaborole. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and polymyxin B (PMB)were served as different positive controls. d Detection of intracellular ATP levels following a 1-hour treatment with 4–32 µg/ml tavaborole. e Heatmap of differential expression analysis demonstrating changes in primary protein regulation in E. coli ATCC 25,922 treated with amikacin (K) or amikacin-tavaborole (AK). There were two replicates in each group. Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison between groups. With a cutoff value of | log2 (fold change) | and P value of 0.05, up- or down-regulated expression is defined. f Annotation of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) using Gene Ontology (GO). g Enrichment analysis of upregulated and downregulated DEPs using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). (h) DEGs about membrane transporter, TMAO respiration, amino acid metabolism, propanoate metabolism, transcription regulator, and colibactin biosynthesis are shown. K stands for amikacin, while K + A stands for amikacin with tavaborole (AN2690). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001