Table 2 Microbial metabolites of two DDGS before and after fermentation (as-fed basis)

Microorganism

 Lactobacillus plantarum, × 10⁸ CFU/g

ND

6.70

ND

5.30

 Bacillus subtilis, × 10⁸ CFU/g

ND

5.00

ND

5.20

 Enterobacterium, × 10⁴ CFU/g

3.63

ND

2.68

ND

 Mold, × 10² CFU/g

3.10

ND

3.60

ND

 Total probiotics, × 10⁸ CFU/g

11.70

10.50

Organic acids, mmol/Kg

 Lactic acid

21.48 ± 3.77^b

232.10 ± 20.3^a

14.30 ± 1.89^b

115.21 ± 12.1^a

 Formic acid

9.35 ± 0.79

8.68 ± 0.46

14.43 ± 1.14^b

22.65 ± 2.97^a

 Acetic acid

1.59 ± 0.30^b

16.15 ± 2.07^a

17.35 ± 1.63^b

25.27 ± 4.24^a

 Propionic acid

0.03 ± 0.00^b

0.83 ± 0.11^a

0.03 ± 0.00^b

0.40 ± 0.04^a

 Butyric acid

33.04 ± 0.53

32.90 ± 0.39

9.41 ± 0.46

10.94 ± 1.40

 pH

6.39 ± 0.04^a

4.21 ± 0.08^b

6.43 ± 0.10^a

4.34 ± 0.16^b