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Table 1 Nutrient composition of two DDGS before and after fermentation (as air-dry basis)

From: Solid-state fermentation of distilled dried grain with solubles with probiotics for degrading lignocellulose and upgrading nutrient utilization

Item,  %

CDDGS

RDDGS

Unfermented

Fermented

Unfermented

Fermented

Dry matter

89.31 ± 1.56

91.10 ± 1.93

88.06 ± 1.03

89.21 ± 1.78

Lignin

1.77 ± 0.10a

1.10 ± 0.12b

1.75 ± 1.56a

1.28 ± 1.60b

Cellulose

5.70 ± 0.62a

3.55 ± 0.51b

5.30 ± 0.50a

3.42 ± 0.27b

ADF

10.35 ± 1.68a

4.94 ± 0.43b

11.86 ± 1.38

8.78 ± 1.50

NDF

30.24 ± 2.62a

20.35 ± 2.92b

20.19 ± 1.62a

16.27 ± 0.85b

Total dietary fiber

12.15 ± 0.36

12.98 ± 0.60

11.4 ± 41.37

13.35 ± 0.52

Total starch

14.28 ± 0.95

12.99 ± 2.06

16.14 ± 2.36a

11.94 ± 0.65b

Amylopectin

9.62 ± 1.06

9.75 ± 1.92

11.87 ± 1.62a

9.00 ± 0.46b

Amylose

4.66 ± 0.52a

3.24 ± 0.33b

4.27 ± 0.77a

2.95 ± 0.20b

Crude protein

27.23 ± 0.62b

31.38 ± 0.55a

34.05 ± 0.46b

37.51 ± 0.47

TCA-SP

12.47 ± 0.44b

15.57 ± 0.64a

17.32 ± 0.64b

22.61 ± 0.98a

FAA

0.25 ± 0.04b

0.53 ± 0.05a

0.74 ± 0.06b

3.20 ± 0.35a

Small peptides

12.22 ± 0.46b

15.04 ± 0.60a

16.58 ± 0.59b

19.42 ± 0.63a

EE

5.88 ± 0.20

6.19 ± 0.28

3.06 ± 0.09

3.46 ± 0.17

Ash

4.22 ± 0.65

3.28 ± 0.43

4.81 ± 0.32

3.83 ± 0.34

Ca

0.14 ± 0.02

0.16 ± 0.01

0.22 ± 0.02

0.18 ± 0.02

P

0.31 ± 0.03

0.28 ± 0.01

0.29 ± 0.02a

0.17 ± 0.05b

Indispensable AA

 

 Arg

1.33 ± 0.09

1.41 ± 0.06

1.12 ± 0.19

1.16 ± 0.18

 His

0.43 ± 0.02b

0.72 ± 0.03a

0.50 ± 0.02

0.48 ± 0.01

 Ile

1.21 ± 0.03

1.25 ± 0.14

1.20 ± 0.02

1.20 ± 0.06

 Leu

2.03 ± 0.08

2.14 ± 0.14

1.56 ± 0.07b

2.30 ± 0.17a

 Lys

0.47 ± 0.01b

0.56 ± 0.02a

0.40 ± 0.02b

0.56 ± 0.02a

 Met

0.49 ± 0.01b

0.53 ± 0.01a

0.36 ± 0.04b

0.65 ± 0.05a

 Phe

1.14 ± 0.12b

1.47 ± 0.13a

1.13 ± 0.17

1.36 ± 0.10

 Thr

0.91 ± 0.02

1.05 ± 0.16

0.58 ± 0.04b

1.03 ± 0.19a

 Val

1.30 ± 0.06b

1.52 ± 0.04a

1.13 ± 0.09b

1.30 ± 0.05a

Dispensable AA

 

 Asp

1.81 ± 0.05b

2.23 ± 0.09a

1.25 ± 0.06b

1.44 ± 0.05a

 Ser

1.21 ± 0.02

1.22 ± 0.03

1.16 ± 0.16b

1.81 ± 0.10a

 Glu

5.00 ± 0.19b

5.42 ± 0.11a

3.87 ± 0.12b

4.26 ± 0.05a

 Gly

1.10 ± 0.01

1.16 ± 0.06

1.03 ± 0.06

1.06 ± 0.05

 Ala

1.32 ± 0.06b

1.58 ± 0.10a

1.34 ± 0.11b

2.02 ± 0.18a

 Cys

0.39 ± 0.03

0.47 ± 0.09

0.70 ± 0.03

0.77 ± 0.05

 Tyr

1.25 ± 0.05

1.32 ± 0.04

1.79 ± 0.17

1.52 ± 0.15

 Pro

1.16 ± 0.17

1.23 ± 0.04

1.14 ± 0.04

1.20 ± 0.01

Total AA

22.55 ± 0.46b

25.3 ± 10.74a

20.29 ± 0.37b

24.13 ± 0.84a

  1. Values are means of three replicates per treatment. Means in a row without common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05)