Characterization of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus and its bioactive properties

AMB Express

Table 1 l-carnitine, GABA and phenolic acids in regular and fermented quinoa

Group	NF	3F	5F
l-carnitine (mg/kg of extracts)	0.13	3.15 ± 0.06**	1.54 ± 0.06**
GABA (mg/kg of extracts)	540 ± 3	1040 ± 10**	810 ± 3**
Phenolic acids
Vanillic acid (mg/kg of extracts)	1.3 ± 0.04	1.55 ± 0.06**	1.83 ± 0.06**
Gallic acid (mg/kg of extracts)	0.01	2.37 ± 0.08**	0.84 ± 0.02**
Chlorogenic acid (mg/kg of extracts)	0.002	0.03	0.002

(NF non-fermented, 3F 3 days, 5F 5 days of fermented quinoa extracts); (NF vs 3F and 5F, **p < 0.01)