Fig. 4

Temperature profiling of all nsPEF exposure conditions. a, b Final temperature (in °C) after MP pulsing at 12.5 kV/cm or 25 kV/cm, respectively. c, d Final temperature after BP pulsing at 12.5 kV/cm or 25 kV/cm, respectively. e All data shown in panels a–d are summarized in panel (e). Data are expressed as mean temperature values ± S.E.M. of at least three independent experiments (n = 3). Statistically significant differences are noted by an asterisk, which represents p < 0.05. Panel f compares the measured temperature data (provided in panel e for the MP pulses) and COMSOL thermal modeled temperature data (described in Fig. 2)