Fig. 2
From: Cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid are metabolized to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid by Yarrowia lipolytica
Cell growth and aromatic acid degradation over time. (A) Strain OKYL029 was grown in 10 mL of either LPU or Delft media supplemented with 125 mg/L of cinnamic acid (left column) or p-coumaric acid (right column) in 100 mL shake flasks. Samples were taken for 74 h and analysed with the HPLC for cinnamic acid concentration (first row), p-coumaric acid (second row), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (third row), and growth (last row). Dots are single data points; the line shows the tendency line calculated with geom_smooth with span = 0.8 in ggplot2 (Wickham 2016). (B) Summary of proposed degradation pathways of cinnamic and p-coumaric acid in Y. lipolytica. Cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid are degraded to unknown compounds in both, LPU and Delft media. Cinnamic acid is converted to p-coumaric acid in LPU media, which is further converted to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) in both media. 4-HBA is not further degraded and cinnamic acid is not converted to styrene (indicated by gray arrow with black x). % next to arrows represent the conversion of the educt to the product of the reaction