Fig. 2

Comparison of the feeding types of sucrose for C-K production by A. tubingensis. a Comparison of the initial feeding of sucrose in batch fermentation with continuous feeding in fed-batch fermentation. b Comparison of pulse and continuous feedings of sucrose in fed-batch fermentation. For initial feeding, 20 g/L sucrose was initially added. For pulse feeding, 20 g/L sucrose was initially added, and 5 g/L sucrose was intermittently added twice when the sucrose concentration dropped below 5 g/L. For continuous feeding, 20 g/L sucrose was initially added, and 10 g/L sucrose was continuously added from 12 to132 h at flow rate of 0.083 g/L/h. AGE at 8 g/L was intermittently added twice at 36 and 48 h