Table 6 Impact of NPs on chlorophyl-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and total carotenoids of P. vulgaris

Control

2.08 ± 0.03^c

1.02 ± 0.01^c

3.14 ± 0.04^e

0.55 ± 0.02^b

CuONPs

2.96 ± 0.01^a

1.93 ± 0.02^a

5.21 ± 0.11^a

1.16 ± 0.21^a

Co₃O₄NPs

2.25 ± 0.05^b

1.17 ± 0.01^b

4.21 ± 0.05^c

1.06 ± 0.11^a

Fe₃O₄NPs

2.13 ± 0.01^b

1.23 ± 0.06^b

3.76 ± 0.06^d

1.00 ± 0.00^a

NiONPs

2.16 ± 0.06^b

1.48 ± 0.07^b

3.89 ± 0.03^d

1.01 ± 0.32^a

ZnONPs

2.85 ± 0.02^a

1.79 ± 0.04^a

4.82 ± 0.10^b

1.13 ± 0.13^a