Fig. 4

Effects of CRISPRi suppression of the ackA gene on A. succinogenes strains: cell growth (OD₆₆₀) (a); succinic acid (SA) production; residual glucose concentration; acetic acid (AA) production, (b); effect of initial medium glucose concentration on SA production (c); effect of initial medium xylose concentration on SA production (d). AA production was measured after fermentation for 60 h; purple bar, residual glucose concentration; blue bar, SA concentration; orange bar, AA concentration. Results are the means of at least three independent assays and error bars indicate the standard deviation