Fig. 5

Effects of PF on the relative abundance of faecal bacterial composition of Murrah buffalo calves at the phylum level. a Phylum level composition. b The change of Actinobacteria. c The change of Bacteroidetes. d The change of Cyanobacteria. e The change of Firmicutes. f The change of Fusobacteria. g The change of Proteobacteria. Color-coded bar plot showing the relative abundances across different treatments at four time points during the study (Day 0, 7, 15, and 30). Each bar represents the top ten bacterial phyla ranked by the relative abundance in each individual sample or group. P values < 0.05 were considered significant, P values between 0.05 and 0.10 were considered as a tendency. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Basal diet with no supplementation (CON), supplemented with L. reuteri BF-E7 + L. salivarius BF-17 (PF; 1 g/calf/d)