Fig. 3

Change in the fecal bacterial community structure in Murrah buffalo calves from 0 to 30 days of age. The non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) plot was generated based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarities of fecal bacterial community determined via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (a Overall 30 days, b Day 0, c Day 7, d Day 15, e Day 30). Colours indicate the dietary groups; control (red) and PF (blue). Different symbols represent different age points. Individual points represent individual animals. Basal diet with no supplementation (CON), supplemented with L. reuteri BF-E7 + L. salivarius BF-17 (PF; 1 g/calf/d)