Influence of probiotics on water quality in intensified Litopenaeus vannamei ponds under minimum-water exchange

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Table 2 Some physicochemical parameters of the examined fish water ponds before and after application of probiotic

Treatments	Control ponds (T1)		Single spp. probiotic (T2)		Multi spp. probiotic (T3)		Permissible limits according to
Application to the pond	Before stocking	After stocking	Before stocking	After stocking	Before stocking	After stocking	Permissible limits according to
Total Vibrio count (log CFU mL⁻¹)*	3.764^b ± 0.129	3.63^b ± 0.137	4.408^a ± 0.173	1.263^c ± 0.193	4.055^ab ± 0.213	0.856^c ± 0.188
Temperature (ºC)*	29.019^a ± 0.123	29.271^a ± 0.229	28.621^a ± 0.182	29.068^a ± 0.1	28.734^a ± 0.13	29.068^a ± 0.095	24–30	(Clifford 1997; Lucas and Southgate 2012)
Dissolved oxygen (m gL⁻¹)	4.127^d ± 0.078	4.782^c ± 0.102	4.141^d ± 0.077	5.965^b ± 0.431	4.603^cd ± 0.017	6.541^a ± 0.294	> 4	Lucas and Southgate (2012)
pH	7.614^b ± 0.059	7.554^bc ± 0.071	7.903^a ± 0.026	6.995^d ± 0.08	7.917^a ± 0.017	7.314^c ± 0.056	6.5–9.5	Carbajal-Hernández et al. (2012)
Salinity (g L⁻¹)	35.355^ab ± 1.499	37.590^a ± 1.452	31.690^ab ± 0302	34.0^ab ± 0.533	30.483^b ± 0.128	32.136^ab ± 0.519	15–45	(Clifford 1997; Lucas and Southgate 2012)
Organic matter (m gL⁻¹)	15.479^b ± 0.216	16.298^ab ± 0.194	16.103^b ± 0.229	12.75^c ± 0.665	16.828^a ± 0.141	15.636^b ± 0.626
NH₃ (m gL⁻¹)	0.049^a ± 0.003	0.026^b ± 0.001	0.050^a ± 0.004	0.006^c ± 0.001	0.030^b ± 0.002	0.005^c ± 0.0001	0.01–0.09	Boyd and Zimmermann (2000)

The means with different superscript letters within the same row for each parameter are significantly different at *P ≤ 0.01 and at P ≤ 0.05