Fig. 8

Treatment with ZnO-NPs and drug conjugates exhibited minimal cytotoxicity against human cell lines. Human cells were grown in 96 well plate up to 80–90% confluency as discussed in material and methods. Next, cells monolayer was challenged with drugs-NPs combinations for 24 h at 37 °C in humidified conditions with 5% CO₂. Cells alone in RPMI was taken as negative control. The data are representative of several experiments performed in duplicate and expressed as the mean  ±  standard error, where (*) represent when P  ≤  0.05. Data was analyzed using Graph Pad Prism software (8.0.2)