Fig. 4

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis on the different biomarkers between BIO-treated and untreated soils at five rice paddy sites. Biomarkers that are significantly associated with each treatment, with LDA scores larger than 2 are shown. Significantly discriminant taxon nodes are colored. Each circle’s diameter is proportional to the taxon’s abundance. Labels are shown of the phylum, class and order levels. The LDA scores of each identified biomarker from the phylum to genus levels are shown in Additional file 1: Fig. S2. The HN_CK, HN_TRE, JS_CK, JS_TRE, HLJ_CK, HLJ_TRE, GZ_CK, GZ_TRE, SY_CK and SY_TRE represent BIO treated and untreated soil samples at the five rice paddy sites in China