Fig. 3

Unique and shared OTUs in each of the four treatment groups. a Venn diagram showing the shared OTUs (3% distance level) from each of the four groups. b Top ten differentially expressed OTUs identified in the control, xylose, saccharin and sucrose groups identified using linear discriminant analysis coupled with effect size (LEfSe). The distribution of the most differentially expressed OTUs in each group compared in pairs; OTU225, OTU502, OTU650 and OTU236 are illustrated in c, d, e and f, respectively. Four groups: control (c group, red color), xylose (x group, yellow color), sucrose (s group, blue color) and saccharin (sa group, green color) groups. * 0.01 < p ≤ 0.05, ** 0.001 < p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001