Fig. 4

The effect of secretion signals on display efficiencies. To analyze the difference between the glucoamylase secretion signal (G. A. s. s.) and improved α-factor secretion signal (α-factor s. s.), the fluorescence intensities of display system 1 and display system 2 were compared. The data were extracted from Fig. 3. The fluorescence intensity of AF488 represents the relative amount of displayed nanobodies on a yeast cell, while that of AF647 represents the relative amount of functional nanobodies. The bars indicate the means ± standard deviations of the three biological replicates. The data were normalized against the fluorescence intensity of display system 1 at 25 °C. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, Tukey’s test