Table 2 Antibacterial drugs and NPs loaded in TiO₂ nanotubes

Antimicrobial peptides

Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis

Eradication of bacterial growth in vitro; killing of 99.9% of the bacteria; reduction of bacterial adhesion; activity against planktonic and adhered bacteria; absence of cytotoxicity to osteoblasts and cytocompatibility

Kazemzadeh-Narbat et al. (2013), Ma et al. (2012), Zhang et al. (2017), Li et al. (2017)

Gentamicin

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Significant reduction of bacterial adhesion; drug release from nanotubes grown on the ultrafine-grained (UFG) titanium is slower than grown on the coarse-grained (CG) titanium

Popat et al. (2007), Nemati and Hadjizadeh (2017)

Gentamicin/chitosan

S. aureus

Inhibition of bacterial adherence, enhance of cell viability and maintenance of drug release

Feng et al. (2016)

Vancomycin

S. aureus

Biocompatibility and reduction of bacterial adhesion; long release time and bacterial inhibition

Zhang et al. (2013), Ionita et al. (2017)

Penicillin

ND

Biocompatibility and decrease of bacterial cell functions

Yao and Webster (2009)

Zn

S. aureus, Streptococcus mutans

Inhibition of bacterial proliferation and viability; morphological change, inhibition of proliferation and adhesion of macrophages

Yao et al. (2018), Roguska et al. (2018)

Sr/Ag₂O

S. aureus

Antibacterial effect, osteogenic and angiogenic activities

Chen et al. (2017)

Sr/Ag

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, Escherichia coli

Antibacterial and anti-adherent properties; absence of cytotoxicity

Cheng et al. (2016)

Cu

S. aureus, E. coli

Reduction of bacterial adhesion

Rosenbaum et al. (2017)

Au

S. aureus, E. coli

Antibacterial effects against the bacteria for a total time of 21 days; cytocompatibility with osteoblasts; alteration of bacterial membrane; moderated antibacterial effect

Wang et al. (2017a, b, c), Wang et al. (2016), Li et al. (2014), Yang et al. (2016)

Carbon

S. aureus, E. coli

Increase of antibacterial effects after an electric induction; cytocompatibility with osteoblasts

Wang et al. (2018)

Ag

S. aureus, E. coli, S. mutans, ND

Bacterial killing and inhibition of bacterial adhesion; kill all bacteria suspension at the first days and have the ability to prevent the bacterial adhesion in the next days; effectively kill bacteria even after immersion for 28 days; absence of cytotoxicity; growth inhibition of oral pathogens; biocompatibility in vivo and in vitro; reduction of inflammatory responses in vivo; adhesion and proliferation of fibroblasts

Zhao et al. (2011), Gao et al. (2014), Roguska et al. (2018), Mei et al. (2014), Uhm et al. (2014), Piszczek et al. (2017), Esfandiari et al. (2014)

Ca/P/Ag

S. aureus

Inhibition of bacterial growth; enhancing of adhesion and spreading of osteoblasts

(Li et al. 2015)