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Table 3 Comparison of volatile components produced in inoculated and non-inoculated roots of P. aduncum (Mean standard deviation)

From: Effects of inoculation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the composition of the essential oil, plant growth, and lipoxygenase activity of Piper aduncum L.

Compound

RIcalc

RIlit

30 dpia

60 dpia

90 dpia

Control

AMF

Control

AMF

Control

AMF

n-Octane

782

800

 

2.43 ± 1.18

 

0.10 ± 0.10

0.03 ± 0.04

0.14 ± 0.04

α-Thujene

918

924

  

0.13 ± 0.23

0.46 ± 0.14

0.27 ± 0.37

0.33 ± 0.10

Camphene

934

946

0.39 ± 0.42

0.07 ± 0.13

1.06 ± 0.94

1.86 ± 0.45

2.77 ± 0.40

1.68 ± 0.34

Sabinene

963

969

  

0.05 ± 0.08

0.25 ± 0.06

0.16 ± 0.23

0.18 ± 0.31

Myrcene

973

988

 

0.02 ± 0.03

 

0.16 ± 0.14

  

β-Pinene

974

974

   

0.07 ± 0.13

0.17 ± 0.23

0.30 ± 0.03

δ-3-Carene

998

1008

0.25 ± 0.24

 

0.71 ± 1.00

1.77 ± 0.46

1.20 ± 0.23

0.82 ± 0.54

p-Cymene

1013

1020

      

Limonene

1018

1024

  

0.06 ± 0.10

0.22 ± 0.15

0.16 ± 0.03

0.30 ± 0.23

(Z)-β-Ocimene

1033

1032

0.05 ± 0.09

 

0.26 ± 0.29

0.58 ± 0.06

0.86 ± 0.30

0.68 ± 0.19

(E)-β-Ocimene

1043

1044

0.05 ± 0.09

 

0.08 ± 0.14

0.34 ± 0.06

0.77 ± 0.21

0.57 ± 0.24

p-Mentha-2,4(8)-diene

1074

1085

   

0.04 ± 0.04

 

0.05 ± 0.04

Linalool

1090

1095

     

0.07 ± 0.06

allo-Ocimene

1119

1128

   

0.09 ± 0.01

0.09 ± 0.13

0.79 ± 1.32

Camphor

1138

1141

0.49 ± 0.30

0.10 ± 0.10

0.43 ± 0.52

1.28 ± 0.66

1.34 ± 1.89

0.11 ± 0.03

Camphene hydrate

1147

1145

  

0.01 ± 0.02

0.04 ± 0.04

0.06 ± 0.08

0.09 ± 0.02

Isoborneol

1147

1155

0.12 ± 0.21

 

0.15 ± 0.26

0.62 ± 0.29

0.43 ± 0.60

0.39 ± 0.13

Borneol

1156

1165

  

0.06 ± 0.11

0.06 ± 0.05

0.06 ± 0.08

0.04 ± 0.04

Citral

1170

1174

    

0.04 ± 0.06

0.02 ± 0.03

Terpinen-4-ol

1172

1174

     

0.04 ± 0.03

α-Terpineol

1187

1186

0.02 ± 0.03

 

0.04 ± 0.08

0.13 ± 0.04

0.14 ± 0.00

0.16 ± 0.02

Piperitone

1246

1249

  

0.06 ± 0.10

0.14 ± 0.09

0.04 ± 0.06

0.08 ± 0.14

Safrole

1282

1285

0.05 ± 0.04

 

0.06 ± 0.05

0.10 ± 0.12

0.07 ± 0.01

0.22 ± 0.15

δ-Elemene

1333

1335

0.11 ± 0.04

0.13 ± 0.16

0.52 ± 0.26

0.36 ± 0.25

0.40 ± 0.23

0.29 ± 0.04

α-Cubebene

1342

1345

  

0.04 ± 0.03

0.06 ± 0.07

0.03 ± 0.04

0.02 ± 0.03

Cyclosativene

1365

1369

0.17 ± 0.14

 

0.42 ± 0.10

0.28 ± 0.17

0.34 ± 0.03

0.32 ± 0.03

α-Copaene

1372

1374

1.20 ± 0.51

0.30 ± 0.12

2.35 ± 0.32

1.34 ± 0.62

1.91 ± 0.22

1.63 ± 0.24

β-Cubebene

1385

1387

  

0.12 ± 0.11

 

0.27 ± 0.12

 

β-Elemene

1386

1389

0.26 ± 0.19

0.02 ± 0.03

0.59 ± 0.18

0.65 ± 0.41

0.34 ± 0.18

0.58 ± 0.08

cis-α-Bergamotene

1411

1411

  

0.01 ± 0.01

   

β-Caryophyllene

1416

1417

1.50 ± 0.39

0.53 ± 0.16

3.00 ± 0.09

2.35 ± 1.01

1.93 ± 0.27

2.03 ± 0.08

β-Copaene

1427

1430

0.22 ± 0.23

0.08 ± 0.08

0.99 ± 0.08

0.70 ± 0.36

0.60 ± 0.16

0.64 ± 0.05

γ-Muurolene

1428

1478

0.21 ± 0.36

     

trans-α-Bergamotene

1430

1432

0.02 ± 0.03

 

0.08 ± 0.04

0.07 ± 0.08

0.03 ± 0.04

0.05 ± 0.04

Aromadendrene

1435

1439

  

0.03 ± 0.05

0.03 ± 0.05

  

cis-Muurola-3,5-diene

1442

1448

0.02 ± 0.03

 

0.04 ± 0.06

   

6,9-Guaiadiene

1443

1442

   

0.16 ± 0.10

0.13 ± 0.09

0.14 ± 0.02

trans-Muurola-3,5-diene

1445

1451

0.02 ± 0.03

 

0.03 ± 0.03

0.02 ± 0.03

  

allo-Aromadendrene

1448

1458

    

0.05 ± 0.07

0.06 ± 0.01

α-Humulene

1452

1452

0.40 ± 0.21

0.15 ± 0.08

0.90 ± 0.38

0.83 ± 0.50

0.69 ± 0.22

0.72 ± 0.04

(E)-β-Farnesene

1452

1454

  

0.14 ± 0.24

   

β-Santalene

1456

1457

0.06 ± 0.06

 

0.17 ± 0.09

0.18 ± 0.11

0.11 ± 0.04

0.13 ± 0.01

trans-Cadina-1(6),4-diene

1469

1475

  

0.02 ± 0.04

0.06 ± 0.05

 

1.34 ± 1.68

α-Neocallitropsene

1472

1474

    

0.08 ± 0.01

0.03 ± 0.05

γ-Curcumene

1476

1481

  

0.68 ± 1.12

0.05 ± 0.05

  

Germacrene D

1477

1484

1.16 ± 0.58

0.37 ± 0.16

1.39 ± 1.23

1.60 ± 0.67

1.59 ± 0.48

1.64 ± 0.12

β-Selinene

1486

1489

   

0.05 ± 0.05

  

γ-Muurolene

1488

1478

  

0.03 ± 0.05

   

trans-Muurola-4(14),5-diene

1489

1493

  

0.05 ± 0.08

0.11 ± 0.06

 

0.05 ± 0.04

α-Selinene

1492

1498

0.03 ± 0.05

 

0.06 ± 0.10

   

Bicyclogermacrene

1492

1500

0.04 ± 0.06

 

0.19 ± 0.22

0.42 ± 0.27

0.22 ± 0.13

0.25 ± 0.02

α-Muurolene

1495

1500

0.10 ± 0.09

 

0.29 ± 0.07

0.26 ± 0.13

0.20 ± 0.04

0.23 ± 0.03

Pentadecane

1499

1500

0.21 ± 0.09

0.15 ± 0.12

0.41 ± 0.07

0.23 ± 0.10

0.19 ± 0.02

0.27 ± 0.06

β-Bisabolene

1505

1505

0.02 ± 0.03

 

0.08 ± 0.07

0.08 ± 0.09

0.07 ± 0.02

0.13 ± 0.06

β-Curcumene

1507

1514

0.02 ± 0.03

 

0.06 ± 0.07

0.10 ± 0.06

0.03 ± 0.04

0.04 ± 0.03

γ-Cadinene

1510

1513

  

0.02 ± 0.04

0.05 ± 0.05

  

Cubebol

1513

1514

   

0.18 ± 0.31

0.28 ± 0.39

 

α-Cadinene

1515

1537

0.28 ± 0.12

0.05 ± 0.05

0.28 ± 0.48

0.39 ± 0.42

  

Myristicin

1519

1517

17.45 ± 2.09

10.52 ± 2.95

18.38 ± 1.01

19.93 ± 1.13

19.25 ± 1.46

18.47 ± 0.91

(E)-γ-Bisabolene

1524

1529

  

0.05 ± 0.05

0.03 ± 0.05

0.03 ± 0.04

0.02 ± 0.03

trans-Cadina-1.4-diene

1529

1533

  

0.04 ± 0.04

0.10 ± 0.05

0.03 ± 0.04

0.05 ± 0.05

α-Cadinene

1535

1537

   

0.02 ± 0.03

  

α-Copaen-11-ol

1539

1539

0.03 ± 0.05

 

0.14 ± 0.14

0.28 ± 0.09

0.16 ± 0.11

0.20 ± 0.08

Elemicin

1545

1555

2.23 ± 1.16

0.28 ± 0.36

2.22 ± 0.33

3.13 ± 0.43

3.56 ± 1.06

3.92 ± 0.75

(E)-Nerolidol

1559

1561

0.06 ± 0.06

 

0.13 ± 0.11

0.35 ± 0.22

0.17 ± 0.24

0.27 ± 0.10

Spathulenol

1573

1577

   

0.08 ± 0.09

  

Germacrene D-4-ol

1574

1574

    

0.05 ± 0.07

 

Caryophyllene oxide

1575

1582

0.02 ± 0.03

 

0.06 ± 0.05

0.19 ± 0.12

0.08 ± 0.01

0.07 ± 0.02

6-Methoxyelemicin

1579

1595

0.02 ± 0.03

  

0.21 ± 0.14

0.18 ± 0.25

0.35 ± 0.18

Viridiflorol

1592

1592

   

0.06 ± 0.10

  

Humulene epoxide II

1607

1608

   

0.02 ± 0.03

  

Dillapiole

1618

1620

71.65 ± 7.30

84.65 ± 2.66

61.12 ± 6.71

54.15 ± 6.56

54.27 ± 5.32

51.96 ± 5.88

1-epi-Cubenol

1627

1627

  

0.13 ± 0.12

   

Muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1-β-ol

1636

1630

   

0.15 ± 0.25

  

α-epi-Muurolol

1649

1640

   

0.08 ± 0.09

  

α-Cadinol

1660

1652

  

0.01 ± 0.02

0.06 ± 0.07

 

0.02 ± 0.03

Apiole

1670

1677

0.64 ± 0.40

0.06 ± 0.11

0.85 ± 0.37

1.72 ± 0.68

1.59 ± 0.78

1.78 ± 0.37

Monoterpene hydrocarbons

0.74 ± 0.84

0.09 ± 0.16

2.35 ± 2.78

5.84 ± 1.70

6.45 ± 2.13

5.70 ± 3.34

Oxygenated monoterpenes

0.63 ± 0.54

0.10 ± 0.10

0.75 ± 1.09

2.27 ± 1.17

2.11 ± 2.77

0.93 ± 3.34

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons

5.84 ± 3.18

1.63 ± 0.84

12.67 ± 5.73

10.35 ± 5.79

9.05 ± 2.51

10.41 ± 2.82

Oxygenated sesquiterpenes

0.13 ± 0.17

 

0.52 ± 0.48

1.56 ± 1.51

0.77 ± 0.86

0.63 ± 0.24

Phenylpropanoids

92.04 ± 11.02

95.51 ± 6.08

82.63 ± 8.47

79.24 ± 9.06

78.92 ± 8.88

76.70 ± 8.24

Others

0.21 ± 0.09

2.58 ± 1.30

0.41 ± 0.07

0.33 ± 0.20

0.22 ± 0.06

0.41 ± 0.10

Total

99.59 ± 15.84

99.91 ± 8.48

99.33 ± 18.62

99.59 ± 19.43

97.52 ± 17.21

94.78 ± 18.08

  1. dpi: Days post inoculation; Control: P. aduncum non-inoculated with AMF; AMF: P. aduncum inoculated with AMF; RIcal: Retention index calculated; RIlit: Retention Index of Library
  2. * Statistical difference according to Bonferroni test (p < 0.05)
  3. aMicrosoftean ± standard deviation (n = 3)