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Table 2 Comparison of volatile components produced in inoculated and non-inoculated leaves of P. aduncum (Mean standard deviation)

From: Effects of inoculation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the composition of the essential oil, plant growth, and lipoxygenase activity of Piper aduncum L.

Compound

RIcalc

RIlit

30 dpia

60 dpia

90 dpia

Control

AMF

Control

AMF

Control

AMF

α-Thujene

931

924

   

0.33 ± 0.47

0.48 ± 0.67

0.63 ± 0.35

β-Pinene

976

974

   

0.21 ± 0.30

0.15 ± 0.21

0.22 ± 0.23

Sabinene

977

969

   

0.24 ± 0.34

0.79 ± 0.53

0.84 ± 0.03

α-Phellandrene

996

1002

    

0.14 ± 0.20

0.18 ± 0.01

δ-2-Carene

1006

1001

     

0.08 ± 0.01

δ-3-Carene

1015

1008

    

0.06 ± 0.08

 

Limonene

1028

1024

   

0.32 ± 0.33

0.21 ± 0.29

0.33 ± 0.29

(Z)-β-Ocimene

1032

1032

 

0.02 ± 0.00

 

1.10 ± 0.21

2.07 ± 0.33

2.59 ± 0.02

(E)-β-Ocimene

1043

1044

 

0.12 ± 0.00

 

2.84 ± 0.01

6.58 ± 2.03

6.76 ± 0.41

γ-Terpinene

1046

1054

   

0.27 ± 0.38

0.21 ± 0.05

0.41 ± 0.21

Terpinolene

1084

1086

     

0.34 ± 0.00

allo-Ocimene

1126

1128

   

0.62 ± 0.03

 

1.64 ± 0.16

Terpinen-4-ol

1179

1174

 

0.11 ± 0.24

 

0.36 ± 0.30

0.32 ± 0.24

0.56 ± 0.27

Piperitone

1246

1249

0.04 ± 0.05

0.43 ± 0.92

0.16 ± 0.23

1.40 ± 1.00

1.12 ± 0.75

1.38 ± 1.23

α-Terpinyl formate

1252

1306

     

0.41 ± 0.07

Safrole

1282

1285

0.01 ± 0.01

 

0.04 ± 0.01

0.19 ± 0.27

0.04 ± 0.06

 

δ-Elemene

1324

1335

0.08 ± 0.06

0.28 ± 0.28

0.54 ± 0.07

1.66 ± 0.08

2.33 ± 0.49

2.38 ± 1.07

α-Cubebene

1344

1345

   

0.05 ± 0.01

 

0.04 ± 0.04

α-Ylangene

1366

1373

 

0.04 ± 0.05

0.05 ± 0.06

0.59 ± 0.13

0.38 ± 0.06

0.54 ± 0.17

α-Copaene

1368

1374

 

0.25 ± 0.28

0.17 ± 0.19

1.13 ± 0.27

0.40 ± 0.57

0.99 ± 0.01

β-Elemene

1382

1389

0.14 ± 0.08

0.35 ± 0.16

0.73 ± 0.01

1.92 ± 0.36

1.71 ± 0.04

2.06 ± 0.59

n-Tetradecane

1399

1400

   

0.05 ± 0.01

 

0.02 ± 0.01

β-Caryophyllene

1412

1417

0.27 ± 0.05

2.62 ± 1.03

2.16 ± 0.95

5.58 ± 0.76

5.00 ± 0.18

4.84 ± 0.54

γ-Elemene

1422

1434

0.23 ± 0.16

0.50 ± 0.24

0.45 ± 0.63

2.18 ± 0.58

2.07 ± 0.08

2.23 ± 0.64

β-Copaene

1430

1430

  

0.42 ± 0.59

0.05 ± 0.01

 

0.03 ± 0.04

Aromadendrene

1435

1439

   

0.13 ± 0.08

0.05 ± 0.01

0.10 ± 0.03

6,9-Guaiadiene

1438

1442

   

0.11 ± 0.03

0.07 ± 0.01

0.11 ± 0.05

Isogermacrene D

1441

1445

 

0.01 ± 0.03

0.07 ± 0.00

0.35 ± 0.06

0.29 ± 0.01

0.40 ± 0.13

α-Humulene

1452

1452

0.05 ± 0.07

0.62 ± 0.47

0.72 ± 0.31

2.38 ± 0.11

1.50 ± 0.18

1.73 ± 0.24

allo-Aromadendrene

1456

1458

 

0.01 ± 0.03

 

0.29 ± 0.11

0.19 ± 0.07

0.24 ± 0.01

Dauca-5,8-diene

1469

1471

 

0.02 ± 0.04

 

0.07 ± 0.01

 

0.06 ± 0.04

γ-Muurolene

1472

1478

   

0.26 ± 0.04

0.13 ± 0.01

0.17 ± 0.12

Germacrene D

1474

1484

1.28 ± 0.78

2.78 ± 0.94

3.19 ± 0.08

5.49 ± 1.32

6.50 ± 0.45

3.84 ± 0.73

β-Selinene

1485

1489

 

0.02 ± 0.04

 

1.33 ± 1.34

0.07 ± 0.10

0.20 ± 0.06

α-Selinene

1485

1498

  

0.02 ± 0.02

   

Viridiflorene

1488

1496

   

0.17 ± 0.02

0.14 ± 0.09

0.19 ± 0.16

Bicyclogermacrene

1492

1500

0.23 ± 0.18

0.36 ± 0.40

0.70 ± 0.04

2.15 ± 0.34

2.56 ± 0.59

2.74 ± 0.69

α-Muurolene

1495

1500

 

0.06 ± 0.08

0.14 ± 0.00

0.59 ± 0.11

0.24 ± 0.33

0.61 ± 0.21

n-Pentadecane

1496

1500

0.78 ± 0.29

2.28 ± 0.46

1.66 ± 1.07

3.77 ± 0.95

2.48 ± 0.23

 

(E,E)-α-Farnesene

1502

1505

 

0.05 ± 0.11

0.07 ± 0.04

0.50 ± 0.18

0.17 ± 0.07

0.19 ± 0.01

γ-Cadinene

1509

1513

0.01 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.04

0.06 ± 0.04

0.32 ± 0.06

0.16 ± 0.02

0.54 ± 0.08

δ-Cadinene

1514

1522

0.07 ± 0.03

0.31 ± 0.21

0.19 ± 0.02

0.85 ± 0.05

0.53 ± 0.14

0.57 ± 0.42

Myristicin

1517

1517

1.53 ± 0.41

0.61 ± 0.60

2.71 ± 1.11

4.70 ± 0.11

3.26 ± 0.88

2.41 ± 2.32

7-epi-α-Selinene

1526

1520

     

0.01 ± 0.01

trans-Cadina-1.4-diene

1529

1533

   

0.11 ± 0.02

0.04 ± 0.00

0.05 ± 0.04

α-Cadinene

1533

1537

   

0.06 ± 0.01

 

0.06 ± 0.02

α-Calacorene

1538

1544

 

0.01 ± 0.03

 

0.22 ± 0.13

0.05 ± 0.06

0.11 ± 0.06

Elemol

1542

1548

     

0.07 ± 0.14

Germacrene B

1554

1559

   

0.07 ± 0.01

0.05 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0.08

(E)-Nerolidol

1559

1561

  

0.08 ± 0.11

0.41 ± 0.10

0.17 ± 0.01

0.34 ± 0.08

Palustrol

1566

1567

   

0.04 ± 0.05

0.02 ± 0.03

0.06 ± 0.04

Spathulenol

1573

1577

  

0.12 ± 0.16

0.40 ± 0.57

 

0.23 ± 0.00

Caryophyllene oxide

1578

1582

0.065 ± 0.09

0.05 ± 0.10

0.12 ± 0.06

0.79 ± 0.48

0.27 ± 0.19

0.30 ± 0.42

Globulol

1582

1590

   

0.09 ± 0.05

 

0.11 ± 0.04

Viridiflorol

1591

1592

   

0.23 ± 0.12

0.50 ± 0.59

0.42 ± 0.46

Humulene epoxide II

1606

1608

0.04 ± 0.06

0.04 ± 0.09

0.01 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0.11

0.03 ± 0.04

0.20 ± 0.21

1,10-di-epi-Cubenol

1609

1618

     

0.04 ± 0.03

Dillapiole

1623

1620

93.74 ± 0.01

86.11 ± 9.45

83.57 ± 3.39

44.73 ± 1.67

48.66 ± 2.11

39.36 ± 6.58

epi-α-Muurolol

1644

1640

  

0.02 ± 0.02

 

0.16 ± 0.11

0.58 ± 0.30

α-Muurolol

1646

1644

   

0.25 ± 0.35

0.02 ± 0.03

0.07 ± 0.05

α-Cadinol

1654

1652

  

0.09 ± 0.13

 

0.36 ± 0.08

0.44 ± 0.52

Apiole

1669

1677

0.42 ± 0.26

0.11 ± 0.06

1.24 ± 0.28

2.01 ± 2.84

2.54 ± 0.92

1.83 ± 1.43

n-Tetradecanol

1676

1671

 

1.54 ± 3.23

0.02 ± 0.02

0.01 ± 0.13

0.10 ± 0.01

0.12 ± 0.01

Monoterpene hydrocarbons

 

0.14 ± 0.00

 

5.93 ± 2.07

10.69 ± 4.39

14.02 ± 1.72

Oxygenated monoterpenes

0.04 ± 0.05

0.54 ± 1.16

0.16 ± 0.23

1.76 ± 1.30

1.44 ± 0.99

2.35 ± 1.57

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons

3.14 ± 1.71

10.59 ± 4.29

11.34 ± 4.12

32.49 ± 7.20*

27.17 ± 3.88

25.22 ± 6.38

Oxygenated sesquiterpenes

0.11 ± 0.15

0.09 ± 0.19

0.44 ± 0.49

2.29 ± 1.83

1.53 ± 1.08

2.86 ± 2.29

Phenylpropanoids

95.86 ± 0.92

86.83 ± 10.11

87.94 ± 4.85

52.58 ± 5.02*

55.16 ± 4.03

44.26 ± 10.57

Others

 

1.54 ± 3.23

0.02 ± 0.02

0.01 ± 0.13

0.10 ± 0.01

0.12 ± 0.01

Total

99.15 ± 2.83

99.73 ± 18.98

99.90 ± 9.71

95.06 ± 17.55

96.09 ± 14.38

88.83 ± 22.54

  1. dpi: Days post inoculation; Control: P. aduncum non-inoculated with AMF; AMF: P. aduncum inoculated with AMF; RI cal: Retention index calculated; RI lit: Retention Index of Library
  2. * Statistical difference according to Bonferroni test (p < 0.05)
  3. aMean ± standard deviation (n = 3)