|
Items
|
Control
|
Treat 1
|
Treat 2
|
Treat 3
|
|---|
|
Body weight (kg)
|
|
Initial Body weight
|
46.250 ± 3.080a
|
38.620 ± 1.990a
|
42.750 ± 2.620a
|
41.480 ± 1.310a
|
|
Final body weight
|
111.280 ± 5.660a
|
108.120 ± 4.330a
|
112.950 ± 4.100a
|
106.750 ± 3.980a
|
|
Weight gain
|
65.030 ± 3.450a
|
69.500 ± 3.360a
|
70.200 ± 3.240a
|
65.270 ± 3.620a
|
|
SCFAs (mg/g)
|
|
Acetate
|
4.097 ± 0.565ab
|
4.256 ± 0.271b
|
5.813 ± 0.071a
|
6.199 ± 0.871ab
|
|
Propionate
|
2.012 ± 0.289a
|
2.066 ± 0.260a
|
2.833 ± 0.107a
|
2.670 ± 0.319a
|
|
Isobutyrate
|
0.115 ± 0.022a
|
0.163 ± 0.011a
|
0.151 ± 0.023a
|
0.171 ± 0.029a
|
|
Butyrate
|
1.514 ± 0.289a
|
1.436 ± 0.221a
|
2.256 ± 0.154a
|
1.890 ± 0.184a
|
|
Isovalerate
|
0.202 ± 0.038a
|
0.302 ± 0.023a
|
0.274 ± 0.041a
|
0.313 ± 0.052a
|
|
Valerate
|
0.172 ± 0.022a
|
0.237 ± 0.026ab
|
0.307 ± 0.018b
|
0.262 ± 0.021b
|
|
Total straight-chain fatty acids
|
7.622 ± 1.120a
|
7.758 ± 0.727a
|
10.903 ± 0.315a
|
10.760 ± 1.307a
|
|
Total BCFA
|
0.317 ± 0.060a
|
0.465 ± 0.034a
|
0.425 ± 0.064a
|
0.484 ± 0.081a
|
|
Total SCFA
|
7.940 ± 1.176a
|
8.223 ± 0.709a
|
11.327 ± 0.366a
|
11.244 ± 1.340a
|
|
Bioamines (μg/g)
|
|
Putrescine
|
5.259 ± 1.065a
|
4.322 ± 0.499a
|
4.855 ± 0.470a
|
3.362 ± 0.691a
|
|
Cadaverine
|
11.140 ± 5.438a
|
4.188 ± 1.811a
|
4.079 ± 0.991a
|
2.667 ± 1.342a
|
|
Tyramine
|
1.013 ± 0.259a
|
1.400 ± 0.257a
|
1.294 ± 0.341a
|
2.082 ± 0.347a
|
|
Spermidine
|
5.584 ± 0.826a
|
8.746 ± 0.817ab
|
9.240 ± 0.709b
|
7.014 ± 1.244ab
|
|
Spermine
|
0.547 ± 0.090a
|
0.731 ± 0.095a
|
0.869 ± 0.161a
|
0.454 ± 0.091a
|
- Data was expressed as mean ± SE obtained from 6 individual pigs each. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test or Mann–Whitney U-tests was used to evaluate the difference of fecal metabolites in different groups. Significant difference is indicated by different letters. The group control, treat 1, treat 2, and treat 3 signify that feed is supplemented with 0, 5%, 10%, or 15% FML, respectively
