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Table 1 The comparison of body weight, fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and bioamine concentrations in pigs with fermented Mao-tai lees (FML) contents

From: Dietary supplementation with fermented Mao-tai lees beneficially affects gut microbiota structure and function in pigs

Items

Control

Treat 1

Treat 2

Treat 3

Body weight (kg)

Initial Body weight

46.250 ± 3.080a

38.620 ± 1.990a

42.750 ± 2.620a

41.480 ± 1.310a

Final body weight

111.280 ± 5.660a

108.120 ± 4.330a

112.950 ± 4.100a

106.750 ± 3.980a

Weight gain

65.030 ± 3.450a

69.500 ± 3.360a

70.200 ± 3.240a

65.270 ± 3.620a

SCFAs (mg/g)

Acetate

4.097 ± 0.565ab

4.256 ± 0.271b

5.813 ± 0.071a

6.199 ± 0.871ab

Propionate

2.012 ± 0.289a

2.066 ± 0.260a

2.833 ± 0.107a

2.670 ± 0.319a

Isobutyrate

0.115 ± 0.022a

0.163 ± 0.011a

0.151 ± 0.023a

0.171 ± 0.029a

Butyrate

1.514 ± 0.289a

1.436 ± 0.221a

2.256 ± 0.154a

1.890 ± 0.184a

Isovalerate

0.202 ± 0.038a

0.302 ± 0.023a

0.274 ± 0.041a

0.313 ± 0.052a

Valerate

0.172 ± 0.022a

0.237 ± 0.026ab

0.307 ± 0.018b

0.262 ± 0.021b

Total straight-chain fatty acids

7.622 ± 1.120a

7.758 ± 0.727a

10.903 ± 0.315a

10.760 ± 1.307a

Total BCFA

0.317 ± 0.060a

0.465 ± 0.034a

0.425 ± 0.064a

0.484 ± 0.081a

Total SCFA

7.940 ± 1.176a

8.223 ± 0.709a

11.327 ± 0.366a

11.244 ± 1.340a

Bioamines (μg/g)

Putrescine

5.259 ± 1.065a

4.322 ± 0.499a

4.855 ± 0.470a

3.362 ± 0.691a

Cadaverine

11.140 ± 5.438a

4.188 ± 1.811a

4.079 ± 0.991a

2.667 ± 1.342a

Tyramine

1.013 ± 0.259a

1.400 ± 0.257a

1.294 ± 0.341a

2.082 ± 0.347a

Spermidine

5.584 ± 0.826a

8.746 ± 0.817ab

9.240 ± 0.709b

7.014 ± 1.244ab

Spermine

0.547 ± 0.090a

0.731 ± 0.095a

0.869 ± 0.161a

0.454 ± 0.091a

  1. Data was expressed as mean ± SE obtained from 6 individual pigs each. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test or Mann–Whitney U-tests was used to evaluate the difference of fecal metabolites in different groups. Significant difference is indicated by different letters. The group control, treat 1, treat 2, and treat 3 signify that feed is supplemented with 0, 5%, 10%, or 15% FML, respectively