From: Methanogens: biochemical background and biotechnological applications
Element(s) | Type | Use/phenotype | Organisma | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Counter-) selectable markers | ||||
 pac | Resistance gene | Puromycin resistance | Methanococcus, Methanosarcina | |
 APH3’II | Resistance gene | Neomycin resistance | M. maripaludis | Argyle et al. (1996) |
 apH-2b | Resistance gene | Neomycin resistance | M. mazei b | Mondorf et al. (2012) |
 ileS3 | Resistance gene | Pseudomonic acid resistance | M. acetivorans | Boccazzi et al. (2000) |
 serC | Biosynthesis gene | Auxotrophic marker | M. barkeri | Metcalf et al. (1996) |
 proC | Biosynthesis gene | Auxotrophic marker | M. acetivorans | Pritchett et al. (2004) |
 hpt | Purine salvage gene | Counter-selectable marker (8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine) | Methanosarcina | Pritchett et al. (2004) |
 upt | Purine salvage gene | Counter-selectable marker (6-aza-uracil) | M. maripaludis | Moore and Leigh (2005) |
Controlling gene expression | ||||
 PhmvA | Promoter | Constitutive gene expression | Methanococcus | Beneke et al. (1995) |
 Psl | Promoter | Constitutive gene expression | Methanococcus | Sun and Klein (2004) |
 PmcrB/Tmcr | Promoter/terminator | Constitutive gene expression | Methanococcus, Methanosarcina | |
 PmcrB(tetO)/TetR | Promoter/repressor | Tetracycline-dependent gene de-repression | Methanosarcina | Guss et al. (2008) |
 PmtaCB1 | Promoter | Methanol-dependent gene induction | M. acetivorans | Rother et al. (2005) |
 PmtbC | Promoter | Methylamine-dependent gene induction | M. mazei | Mondorf et al. (2012) |
 Pnif/NrpR | Promoter/repressor | N-dependent gene repression | M. maripaludis | |
 tc-RS4 | Riboswitch | Tetracycline-dependent gene repression | M. acetivorans | Demolli et al. (2014) |
Random mutagenesis | ||||
 Himar1/Tnp | Insect transposon/transposase | Random transposon mutagenesis | M. acetivorans, M. maripaludis | |
 Tn5/Tnp | Transposon/transposase | Random transposon mutagenesis | M. maripaludis | Porat and Whitman (2009) |
Reporter genes | ||||
 lacZ | Reporter gene | Quantification of gene expression/promoter function | M. maripaludis | Gardner and Whitman (1999) |
 uidA | Reporter gene | Quantification of gene expression/promoter function | M. voltae, Methanosarcina | |
 bla | Reporter gene | Quantification of gene expression/promoter function | M. acetivorans | Demolli et al. (2014) |
Facilitating recombination/mutagenesis | ||||
 \(\Phi {\text{C}}31\)  int  attB/P | Phage recombination system | Site specific chromosomal integration | Methanosarcina | Guss et al. (2008) |
 flp/FRT | Yeast recombination system | Marker rescue | Methanosarcina, Methanococcus | |
 Cas9 | Nuclease | Targeted genome editing | M. acetivorans | Nayak and Metcalf (2017) |