Probiotic strain Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila BJ1 degrades and reduces chlorothalonil toxicity to soil enzymes, microbial communities and plant roots

AMB Express

Table 2 Bacterial population and enzymatic activity in the soil treated with chlorothalonil or/and strain BJ1

Time	Treatment	Bacteria	Urease	Dehydrogenase	Invertase
7 days	Control	43.82 ± 4.34 a	37.25 ± 4.72 a	34.30 ± 3.84 a	0.64 ± 0.07 a
	NC	25.60 ± 5.25 c	18.63 ± 3.25 c	20.45 ± 3.20 c	0.35 ± 0.05 b
	NCB	34.32 ± 4.27 b	27.32 ± 3.46 b	25.46 ± 4.02 b	0.58 ± 0.06 a
14 days	Control	42.22 ± 6.43 a	40.22 ± 4.63 a	33.64 ± 3. 63 a	0.72 ± 0.07 a
	NC	33.45 ± 5.40 b	28.40 ± 4.38 b	26.44 ± 3.04 b	0.54 ± 0.05 b
	NCB	38.18 ± 3.85 ab	37.40 ± 5.24 a	31.70 ± 4.25 ab	0.68 ± 0.08 a

Bacterial population (10⁶ g⁻¹ soil), Urease activity (μg NH₄ ⁺ g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹), Dehydrogenase activity (μg TPF g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹). Invertase activity (mg glucose g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹). All values are mean ± SD of triplicate samples. Different letters denote significant differences at the 0.05 confidence level between treatments at the same exposure time