Fig. 1

Schematic of two proposed pathways for the biofermentation of FA by C. glutamicum. I Non-β-oxidative, CoA-dependent catabolic pathway (Merkens et al. 2005; Brinkrolf et al. 2006). Fcs feruloyl-CoA synthase, Ech enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase, Vdh vanillin dehydrogenase, and Van vanillate 3-O-demethylase. II β-oxidative, CoA-dependent phenylpropanoid degradation pathway (Kallscheuer et al. 2016). PhdA acyl-CoA ligase, PhdE enoyl-CoA hydratase, PhdB 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, PhdC 3-oxoacyl-CoA ketohydrolase, and Van