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Table 3 Frequencies of aflatoxin biosynthesis and sugar cluster genes among 35 atoxigenic genotypes from Africa and North America

From: Degeneration of aflatoxin gene clusters in Aspergillus flavus from Africa and North America

Clustera

Geneb

Genotype (%)c

Synonymous SNPsd

Non-synonymous SNPsd

Nonsense SNPse

Early genes

norB

19 (54)

0–3 (43)

0–2 (49)

0

cypA

19 (54)

0–3 (43)

0–5 (43)

0–1 (49)

aflT

17 (49)

0–3 (43)

0–4 (43)

0

pksA

17 (49)

6–18 (40)

3–16 (40)

0–1 (3)f

nor-1

17 (49)

0–1 (6)

0–1 (3)

0

hexA

17 (49)

5–18 (40)

2–15 (40)

0

hexB

17 (49)

9–20 (49)

7–15 (49)

0

aflR

17 (49)

1–3 (49)

1–3 (49)

0

aflJ

19 (54)

2–9 (51)

0–2 (51)

0–1 (3)

adhA

19 (54)

1–2 (54)

1–4 (49)

0

estA

19 (54)

2–6 (54)

1–3 (54)

0

norA

24 (69)

0–5 (46)

0–3 (46)

0–1 (3)

ver - 1

25 (71)

0–5 (63)

0–2 (57)

0

Late genes

verA

25 (71)

0–37 (69)

1–19 (71)

0

avnA

27 (77)

2–5 (77)

2–5 (77)

0

verB

25 (71)

0–5 (69)

1–3 (71)

0

avfA

25 (71)

0–4 (57)

0–4 (63)

0

omtB

26 (74)

0–6 (57)

1–3 (63)

0

omtA

26 (74)

0–7 (66)

0–4 (71)

0–1 (3)

ordA

26 (74)

0–9 (63)

0–6 (57)

0

vbs

26 (74)

1–12 (74)

1–6 (74)

0–1 (3)

cypX

26 (74)

1–11 (74)

1–3 (74)

0

moxY

26 (74)

0–7 (69)

1–8 (74)

0

ordB

26 (74)

0–2 (69)

0–2 (66)

0–1 (14)

hypA

26 (74)

2–5 (74)

1–6 (74)

0–1 (14)

Sugar cluster

nada

26 (74)

1–2 (74)

1–6 (74)

0–3 (63)

hxtA

35 (100)

0–5 (89)

1–2 (100)

0

glcA

35 (100)

1–3 (100)

2–3 (100)

0

sugR

35 (100)

1–5 (100)

0–4 (77)

0–1 (14)

orf

35 (100)

0–3 (83)

1–2 (100)

0

  1. aClassification is based on the enzymes encoded by these genes, which are involved in early and late portions of aflatoxin biosynthesis, considering ver-1 (bold italics) as the middle gene
  2. bGenes are listed in the same order as in aflatoxin gene cluster
  3. cPercentages were calculated as (number of genotypes with the gene or SNP/total number of genotypes) × 100. The total number of genotypes was 35
  4. dNumber of synonymous or non-synonymouse SNPs present. Numbers in the parenthesis include percentage of isolates with at least one synonymous or non-synonymous SNP
  5. eNumber of nonsense SNPs and percentage of isolate with at least one nonesense SNP
  6. fStop codon present in A. flavus AF36 as reported in Ehrlich and Cotty (2004)