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Table 1 Technological properties and oxidation biomarkers of ADY from Saccharomyces wine strains under molasses supplementation with different antioxidants

From: Food-grade argan oil supplementation in molasses enhances fermentative performance and antioxidant defenses of active dry wine yeast

Parameter

Control

5 µM Caffeic acid

6 mg/mL Oleic acid

5 µM Ascorbic acid

T73

 Biomass (OD600)

18.42 (±0.2)

28.43 (±1.1)

33.36 (±2.1)

27.03 (±0.7)

 FC (mL CO2/107cells)

10.52 (±0.3)

9.1 (±0.7)

9.03 (±1.7)

22.21 (±2.4)

 LP (pmol MDA/mg protein)

26.85 (±1.0)

21.32 (±1.6)

29.02 (±0.8)

23.50 (±1.0)

 GSH (nmol/mg cell)

1.67 (±0.01)

1.97 (±0.12)

2.45 (±0.02)

2.23 (±0.01)

 Trehalose (µg/mg cells)

100.1 (±9.7)

547.2 (±2.9)

649.7 (±3.8)

940.6 (±3.1)

 Δ GR (U/mg prot)

−0.52 (±0.3)

0.88 (±0.15)

1.08 (±0.41)

0.35 (±0.11)

 Δ Catalase (U/mg prot)

18.96 (±0.1)

9.86 (±2.1)

15.42 (±1.4)

5.49 (±0.7)

D18

 Biomass (OD600)

16.64 (±0.1)

37.41 (±0.1)

26.58 (±0.7)

28.81(±1.1)

 FC (mL CO2/107cells)

8.39 (±0.9)

9.55 (±0.9)

9.78 (±0.8)

6.75 (±0.6)

 LP (pmol MDA/mg protein)

24.11 (±2.3)

9.40 (±1.8)

19.87 (±0.9)

17.09 (±1.3)

 GSH (nmol/mg cell)

0.91 (±0.02)

1.27 (±0.01)

2.65 (±0.03)

1.50 (±0.02)

 Trehalose (µg/mg cells)

193.5 (±10)

765.2 (±3.9)

287.5 (±9.4)

853.6 (±3.3)

 Δ GR (U/mg prot)

−0.17 (±0.1)

1.07 (±0.18)

1.34 (±0.32)

0.25 (±0.16)

 Δ Catalase (U/mg prot)

31.26 (±0.7)

9.77 (±2.2)

4.87 (±0.9)

11.22 (±1.9)

D170

 Biomass (OD600)

17.61 (±0.2)

28.26 (±0.1)

26.40 (±1.1)

21.95 (±0.6)

 FC (mL CO2/107cells)

17.18 (±0.1)

18.31 (±1.5)

19.86 (±0.7)

8.52 (±0.4)

 LP (pmol MDA/mg protein)

23.34 (±0.9)

7.69 (±1.2)

21.15 (±0.5)

46.58 (±0.9)

 GSH (nmol/mg cell)

1.24 (±0.03)

1.22 (±0.07)

1.23 (±0.10)

1.19 (±0.08)

 Trehalose (µg/mg cells)

155.5 (±2.8)

204.6 (±5.9)

376.7 (±4.9)

442.6 (±1.0)

 Δ GR (U/mg prot)

2.57 (±0.7)

3.96 (±0.59)

4.90 (±0.02)

2.33 (±0.21)

 Δ Catalase (U/mg prot)

0.28 (±1.7)

11.25 (±3.8)

8.89 (±0.04)

7.26 (±2.4)

D301

 Biomass (OD600)

17.66 (±0.4)

22.68 (±0.1)

27.53 (±1.1)

22.05 (±0.1)

 FC (mL CO2/107cells)

3.58 (±0.1)

1.3 (±0.1)

7.83 (±0.5)

8.26 (±1.1)

 LP (pmol MDA/mg protein)

20.08 (±1.7)

19.79 (±0.9)

20.08 (±0.2)

19.48 (±0.8)

 GSH (nmol/mg cell)

1.20 (±0.05)

1.14 (±0.06)

1.10 (±0.12)

1.19 (±0.06)

 Trehalose (µg/mg cells)

141.1 (±22)

14.5 (±21)

38.5 (±3.5)

37.9 (±1.4)

 Δ GR (U/mg prot)

0.89 (±0.23)

1.51 (±0.23)

1.28 (±0.23)

0.88 (±0.01)

 Δ Catalase (U/mg prot)

67.76 (±0.4)

6.00 (±0.4)

5.57 (±0.4)

7.26 (±0.4)

D128

 Biomass (OD600)

14.11 (±0.1)

29.48 (±0.1)

26.95 (±2.1)

16.74 (±0.2)

 FC (mL CO2/107cells)

2.33 (±0.6)

1.75 (±0.1)

1.68 (±0.1)

1.88 (±0.2)

 LP (pmol MDA/mg protein)

22.00 (±1.8)

10.04 (±1.4)

19.02 (±0.5)

22.22 (±0.8)

 GSH (nmol/mg cell)

0.43 (±0.05)

1.26 (±0.13)

1.27 (±0.08)

1.35 (±0.07)

 Trehalose (µg/mg cells)

153.8 (±11)

144.9 (±7.6)

202.4 (±22)

309.4 (±3.8)

 Δ GR (U/mg prot)

1.70 (±0.28)

2.30 (±0.09)

4.60 (±0.29)

3.10 (±0.01)

 Δ Catalase (U/mg prot)

0.39 (±1.1)

6.71 (±1.13)

4.91 (±1.0)

7.56 (±0.13)

D272

 Biomass (OD600)

11.26 (±0.2)

21.02 (±0.2)

27.81 (±1.9)

8.59 (±1.2)

 FC (mL CO2/107cells)

10.42 (±0.4)

23.51 (±1.4)

13.15 (±0.6)

20.29 (±2.2)

 LP (pmol MDA/mg protein)

20.83 (±1.4)

10.04 (±1.0)

6.41 (±0.1)

14.96 (±0.4)

 GSH (nmol/mg cell)

2.42 (±0.22)

1.38 (±0.15)

1.26 (±0.08)

1.30 (±0.06)

 Trehalose (µg/mg cells)

190.9 (±2.5)

361.4 (±10)

394.4 (±17)

724.8 (±10)

 Δ GR (U/mg prot)

1.10 (±0.20)

4.70 (±0.31)

1.80 (±0.39)

2.80 (±0.02)

 Δ Catalase (U/mg prot)

−2.24 (±0.3)

1.70 (±1.26)

1.59 (±0.24)

1.52 (±0.30)

P6

 Biomass (OD600)

13.72 (±1.1)

30.94 (±0.1)

48.62 (±0.1)

23.81 (±0.2)

 FC (mL CO2/107cells)

12.53 (±0.6)

14.52 (±0.8)

17.65 (±0.1)

16.37 (±0.7)

 LP (pmol MDA/mg protein)

22.50 (±0.9)

13.46 (±1.5)

15.38 (±1.6)

15.38 (±1.9)

 GSH (nmol/mg cell)

3.65 (±0.38)

1.43 (±0.02)

2.14 (±0.13)

1.74 (±0.28)

 Trehalose (µg/mg cells)

252.6 (±24)

235.7 (±1.4)

691.3 (±40)

828.8 (±4.3)

 Δ GR (U/mg prot)

1.20 (±0.01)

2.40 (±0.39)

3.7 (±0.76)

3.10 (±0.27)

 Δ Catalase (U/mg prot)

0.064 (±0.1)

0.80 (±0.10)

0.14 (±0.20)

0.40 (±0.10)

  1. Italics indicates significant difference respect to the control from non-supplemented molasses with p < 0.05. In brackets SD value from three independent experiments
  2. FC fermentative capacity, LP lipid peroxidation, GSH reduced glutathione, GR glutathione reductase activity