Table 2 Pathogen contamination in freshwater environment (ground water, rivers and lakes and reservoirs)
From: Contamination of water resources by pathogenic bacteria
Author(s) year | Organisms | Results | Study remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
Groundwater | Â | Â | Â |
Bitton et al. ([1983]) | Salmonella, E. coli, S. faecalis, enteroviruses | S. faecalis decay rate was similar to viruses | Survival of pathogens in groundwater |
Schijven and Hassanizadeh ([2000]) | Viruses | Viruses attachment with soil was influenced by pH, and favorable sites | Soil passage impacts on virus removal at field-scale |
Pang et al. ([2004]) | E. coli and F-RNA phages | Pathogens were sorbed in aquifer material | Transport of E. coli and F-RNA phages |
Nevecherya et al. ([2005]) | Salmonella, viruses, E. coli, shigellos | Mathematical model was derived for temperature depends inactivation rate | Pathogenic bacteria and viruses survival in groundwater |
Filip and Demnerova ([2009]) | Bacillus megaterium and Staphylococcus | Pathogens survived 10 to 100Â days | Pathogens survival in groundwater; FT-IR characterization |
Grisey et al. ([2010]) | Total coliforms, E. coli, Enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus | Bacterial density monitoring coupled with artificial trace experiments proved useful in locating pathogens sources | Pathogens survival in groundwater and landfill leachate |
Rivers | Â | Â | Â |
Chin ([2010]) | Fecal coliform | Summer and rainfall raises pathogens | Urban areas impacts on stream pathogens |
Smith et al. ([1973]) | Salmonella, fecal coliforms, streptococci | Salmonella decline was close to fecal coliform | Usefulness of indicators organisms |
Burton et al. ([1987]) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella newport, E. coli | Clay in sediments improves E. coli survival | Survival of pathogens in fresh water sediments |
Smith et al. ([1987]) | E. coli, Fecal bacteria | U.S. rivers shows decline in fecal indicator | Water quality assessment from 1974 to 1981 |
Terzieva and McFeters ([1991]) | E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica | Temperate zone surface water serve as a rersisitent verhicle in transimsision of bacteria between animals and humans | Survival and injury study of bacteria in agricultural surface water |
Terzieva and McFeters ([1991]) | Yersinia enterocolitica and E. coli | Experimental design and environmental play major role in pathogens survival | Survival in stream water, comparison between field and lab studies |
Fraser et al. ([1998]) | Fecal coliform | Model predicted pathogens | Modelling non-point source pollution |
Lakes and reservoirs | Â | Â | Â |
Beaver and Crisman ([1989]) | Ciliates | Grazing habits of ciliates are discussed | Predators roles in fresh water |
Rubentschik et al. ([1936]) | Serratia marcescens | Adsorption of bacteria could be questionable | Adsorption of bacteria in salt lakes |
Mac Kenzie et al. ([1994]) | Cryptosporidium | C. oocysts study passes through the filtration system of water supply | Contaminated water from Milwaukee lake caused outbreak |
Wcislo and Chrost ([2000]) | E. coli | Predators controlled pathogen levels | Survival of pathogens in man-made reservoir |
Kistemann et al. ([2002]) | E. coli, coliform, fecal streptococcal, and Clostridium perfringens | Most of the pathogens increases during extreme runoff events | Microbial load in drinking water reservoir during rainfall events |
Howe et al. ([2002]) | Cryptosporidium oocysts | Animal feces was a major source of pathogens | Water supply’s oocysts caused outbreak in northern England |
Ishii et al. ([2006]) | E. coli | E. coli survived longer in soil | Presence and growth of E. coli in Lake superior watershed |