The chemical nature of phenolic compounds determines their toxicity and induces distinct physiological responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in lignocellulose hydrolysates

AMB Express

Table 1 Table of phenolic compounds and the concentration range commonly found in spruce hydrolysates

Phenolic compounds	Amount (mg/L)
Gallic acid	7.1–10.2
Catechine	61–71.9
Vanillic acid	3.93–71.2
Syringic acid	42.3–42.87
Ferulic acid	42.91–45.08
Picein [3-(β-d-glucosyloxy)-hydroxy-acetophenone]	0.2–1.4
Pungenin[3-(β-d-glucosyloxy)-4-hydroxy-acetophenone]	0.2
Taxifoloin	2–33
Coniferyl aldehyde	35–301
Vanillic acid	0.01–35
Vanillin	36
4-hydroxybenzoic acid	39–81
Catechol	2
Acetoguaiacone	146
Trans cinnamic acid	10
Syringaldehyde	107

(Almeida et al. [2007b], Deflorio et al. [2011], Delvas et al. [2011], Evensen et al. [2000], Hutzler et al. [1998], Miyafuji et al. [2003]).
Also, Pungenol (3′,4′-hydroxy-acetophenone), Piceol (4′-hydroxyacetophenone), Trans-resveratrol, _P-Coumaric acid, Coumarins, Stilbenes, Styryl pyrones, Dihydroconiferyl alcohol, Hydroquinone, Homovanillic acid have all been found in various concentrations in spruce hydrolysates (Almeida et al. [2007b], Deflorio et al. [2011], Delvas et al. [2011], Evensen et al. [2000], Hutzler et al. [1998], Miyafuji et al. [2003]).